TILE SETTING NC II – TESDA COURSE MODULE

TESDA TRAINING REGULATIONS FOR TILE SETTING NC II

The TILE SETTING NC II TESDA Course consists of competencies that a person must achieve to enable him / her to lay tiles on plain and curved surfaces for walls, floors and other application and repair of tiles on plain and curved surfaces.

This qualification is packaged from the competency map of Construction Sector.

A student who has achieved this TESDA Course in TILE SETTING NC II is competent to be:

• Tile Setter

TRAINEE ENTRY REQUIREMENTS

Trainees or students wishing to gain entry into this course should possess the following requirements:

• At least Junior High School Level completer or an Alternative Learning System (ALS) Certificate of Completion with grade 10 equivalent holder or Holder of Masonry NC I
• Can communicate both orally and in writing
• Physically fit

TILE SETTING NC II COURSE – TRAINING AND REGULATION MODULE

Course Title: TILE SETTING
Level: NC II
Nominal Training Duration : 117 Hours

• 37 Hours (Basic Competencies)
• 24 Hours (Common Competencies)
• 56 Hours (Core Competencies)

This course is designed to provide the learner with knowledge, practical skills and attitude, applicable in performing work activities involve in laying of tiles on plain and curved surfaces for walls, floors and other application and repairing of tiles on plain and curved surfaces. This includes classroom learning activities and practical work in actual work site or simulation area.

Upon completion of the course, the learners are expected to demonstrate the above-mentioned competencies to be employed. To obtain this, all units prescribed for this qualification must be achieved.

COMPETENCIES REQUIRED IN TILE SETTING NC II

This units of competency comprising this qualification include Basic, Common and Core Competencies. To obtain this course, all units prescribed for this qualification must be achieved.

These units of competency comprising this qualification include the following:

UNIT CODE	CORE COMPETENCIES (56 Hours)
CON712305	Lay tiles on plain and curved surfaces for walls, floors and other application
CON712306	Repair of tiles on plain and curved surfaces
UNIT CODE	COMMON COMPETENCIES (24 Hours)
CON931201	Prepare construction materials and tools
CON311201	Observe procedures, specifications and manuals of instruction
CON311203	Perform mensuration’s and calculations
CON311204	Maintain tools and equipment
UNIT CODE	BASIC COMPETENCIES (37 Hours)
400311210	Participate in workplace communication
400311211	Work in a team environment
400311212	Solve/address general workplace problems
400311213	Develop career and life decisions
400311214	Contribute to workplace innovation
400311215	Present relevant information
400311216	Practice occupational safety and health policies and procedures
400311217	Exercise efficient and effective sustainable practices in the workplace
400311218	Practice entrepreneurial skills in the workplace

This section gives the details and contents of the units of competency required in TILE SETTING NC II. These units of competency are categorized into basic, common and core competencies. BASIC COMPETENCIES

CORE COMPETENCIES

LAY TILES ON PLAIN AND CURVED SURFACES FOR WALLS, FLOORS AND OTHER APPLICATION

UNIT CODE : CON712305

This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitude required to productively lay tiles on plain and curved surfaces for walls, floors and other application.

1. Plan and prepare for work
   • Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used in accordance with Rule 1080 of Occupational Safety and Health Standards
   • Work instruction is secured and interpreted in line with job requirements
   • Work plan is produced in accordance with work instruction
   • Safety and quality requirements are identified in line with Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) and company standard operating procedures
   • Materials, tools and equipment are identified in accordance with job requirements
   • Tiling area is cleaned and prepared according to standard operating procedures
   • Surface treatment method is selected and used as per work requirements
   • Required output is completed as specified by the immediate supervisor based on work schedule
2. Lay-out tiling area
   • Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used in accordance with Rule 1080 of Occupational Safety and Health Standards
   • Area to be tiled is checked in line with job requirements.
   • Tiles are laid-out in line with work instruction.
   • Work area is cleaned according to safety and environmental regulations (e.g. PD 1152 Section 6, 8 & 42)
   • Required output is completed as specified by the immediate supervisor based on work schedule.
3. Install tiles
   • Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used in accordance with Rule 1080 of Occupational Safety and Health Standards
   • Tiles are prepared and dry-laid in line with job requirement.
   • Selected bedding type is used as per job requirements
   • Adhesive is prepared and applied according to manufacturer’s instructions or recommendation.
   • Tiles are installed to the desired level and/ or alignment.
   • Tiles are arranged and fixed to the designed pattern.
   • Special cut tile is installed in accordance with drawings and specifications.
   • Gaps of tiles are maintained straight and/ or uniform according to job specifications.
   • Tile trim, nosing, expansion joint and threshold are placed according to job requirement.
   • Tiled surface and gaps are cleaned and sealed according to work standards and specifications.
   • Work area is cleaned according to safety and environmental regulations (e.g. PD 1152 Section 6, 8 & 42)
   • Required output is completed as specified by the immediate supervisor based on work schedule.
4. Cut tiles
   • Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used in accordance with Rule 1080 of Occupational Safety and Health Standards
   • Regular and special cut tiles are prepared in accordance with drawings and specifications, where applicable.
   • Miter joints are prepared and cut uniformly according to job requirement.
   • Safety precautions are applied in line with Occupational Safety and Health Standards.
   • Work area is cleaned according to safety and environmental regulations (e.g. PD 1152 Section 6, 8 & 42)
   • Required output is completed as specified by the immediate supervisor based on work schedule.
5. Grout space between tiles
   • Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used in accordance with Rule 1080 of Occupational Safety and Health Standards
   • Joints are cleaned and prepared for grouting following manufacturer’s specifications
   • Grout is mixed and applied according to manufacturer’s and job specifications.
   • Tile grouts are cleaned and sealed according to work standards and specifications.
   • Work area is cleaned according to safety and environmental regulations (e.g. PD 1152 Section 6, 8 & 42)
   • Required output is completed as specified by the immediate supervisor based on work schedule.
6. Perform housekeeping
   • Occupational health, safety and environmental plans are complied.
   • Waste materials are reported following Occupational health and safety/ environmental management plans.
   • Unused and excess materials are returned to warehouse following company standard and operating procedures.
   • Equipment and tools are returned to warehouse after work completion.
   • Environmental and safety reports are prepared and submitted following management plans.

REPAIR OF TILES ON PLAIN AND CURVED SURFACES

UNIT CODE : CON712306

This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitude required to productively repair tiles on plain and curved surfaces for walls, floors and other application.

1. Plan and prepare for work
   • Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used in accordance with Rule 1080 of Occupational Safety and Health Standards
   • Work instruction is secured and interpreted in line with job requirements.
   • Work plan is produced in accordance with work instruction.
   • Safety and quality requirements are identified in line with Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) and company standard operating procedures.
   • Materials and tools are identified in accordance with job requirements.
   • Damaged area is prepared according to standard operating procedures.
   • Required output is completed as specified by the immediate supervisor based on work schedule.
2. Remove damaged tiles and prepare bedding
   • Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used in accordance with Rule 1080 of Occupational Safety and Health Standards
   • Damaged tiles removal procedure is performed
   • Bedding condition is assessed.
   • Bedding is prepared based on assessment.
   • Waterproofing is restored, If applicable.
   • Work area is cleaned according to safety and environmental regulations (e.g. PD 1152 Section 6, 8 & 42)
   • Required output is completed as specified by the immediate supervisor based on work schedule.
3. Install replacement tiles
   • Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used in accordance with Rule 1080 of Occupational Safety and Health Standards
   • Tiles are prepared and laid in line with job requirement.
   •  Adhesive is prepared and applied according to manufacturer’s instructions or recommendation.
   • Tiles are installed to the desired level and/ or alignment.
   • Tiles are fixed to the designed pattern.
   • Special cut tile is installed.
   • Gaps of tiles are maintained straight and/ or uniform according to job specifications.
   • Tiled surface and gaps are cleaned and sealed according to work standards and specifications.
   • Work area is cleaned according to safety and environmental regulations (e.g. PD 1152 Section 6, 8 & 42)
   • Required output is completed as specified by the immediate supervisor based on work schedule.
4. Cut tiles
   • Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used in accordance with Rule 1080 of Occupational Safety and Health Standards
   • Regular and special cut tiles are prepared.
   • Safety precautions are applied in line with Occupational Safety and Health Standards
   • Work area is cleaned according to safety and environmental regulations (e.g. PD 1152 Section 6, 8 & 42)
   • Required output is completed as specified by the immediate supervisor based on work schedule.
5. Grout space between tiles
   • Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used in accordance with Rule 1080 of Occupational Safety and Health Standards
   • Joints are cleaned and prepared for grouting following manufacturer’s specifications.
   • Grout is mixed and applied according to manufacturer’s and job specifications.
   • Tile grouts are cleaned and sealed according to work standards and specifications.
   • Required output is completed as specified by the immediate supervisor based on work schedule.
6. Perform housekeeping
   • Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used in accordance with Rule 1080 of Occupational Safety and Health Standards
   • Occupational health, safety and environmental plans are complied.
   • Waste materials are reported following Occupational health and safety/ environmental management plans.
   • Unused and excess materials are returned to warehouse following company standard and operating procedures.
   • Equipment and tools are returned to warehouse after work completion.
   • Environmental and safety reports are prepared and submitted following management plans.

COMMON COMPETENCIES

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : PREPARE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TOOLS
UNIT CODE : CON931201

This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes on identifying, requesting and receiving construction materials and tools in various workplace settings.

1. Identify materials
   • Materials are identified as per job requirements
   • Quantity and description of materials and tools conform with the job requirements
   • Tools and accessories are identified according to job requirements
2. Prepare requisition of materials
   • Materials and tools needed are requested according to the identified requirements
   • Request is done as per company standard operating procedures (SOP)
   • Substitute materials and tools are provided without sacrificing cost and quality of work
3. Receive and inspect materials
   • Materials and tools issued are inspected as per quantity and specification
   • Tools, accessories and materials are checked
   • Materials and tools are set aside to appropriate location

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : OBSERVE PROCEDURES, SPECIFICATIONS AND MANUALS OF INSTRUCTIONS
UNIT CODE : CON311201

This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes On identifying, interpreting, applying services to specifications and manuals and storing manuals.

1. Identify and access specification/ manuals
   • Appropriate manuals are identified and accessed as per job requirements
   • Version and date of manual are checked to ensure that correct specification and procedures are identified
2. Interpret manuals
   • Relevant sections, chapters of specifications/ manuals are located in relation to the work to be conducted
   • Information and procedure in the manual are interpreted in accordance with industry practices
3. Apply information in manual
   • Manual is interpreted according to job requirements
   • Work steps are correctly identified in accordance with manufacturer’s specification
   • Manual data are applied according to the given task
   • All correct sequencing and adjustments are interpreted in accordance with information contained on the manual or specifications
4. Store manuals
   • Manual or specification is stored appropriately to prevent damage, ready access and updating of information when required in accordance with company requirements

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : PERFORM MENSURATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
UNIT CODE : CON311203
UNIT DESCRIPTOR : This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes on identifying and measuring objects based on the required performance standards.

1. Select measuring instruments
   • Object or component to be measured is identified, classified and interpreted according to the appropriate regular geometric shape
   • Measuring tools are selected/identified as per object to be measured or job requirements
   • Correct specifications are obtained from relevant sources
   • Measuring instruments are selected according to job requirements
   • Alternative measuring tools are used without sacrificing cost and quality of work
2. Carry out measurements and calculations
   • Measurements are obtained according to job requirements
   • Alternative measuring tools are used without sacrificing cost and quality of work
   • Calculations needed to complete work tasks are performed using the four basic process of addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x) and division (/)
   • Calculations involving fractions, percentages and mixed numbers are used to complete workplace tasks
   • Numerical computation is self-checked and corrected for accuracy
   • Instruments are read to the limit of accuracy of the tool
   • Systems of measurement identified and converted according to job requirements/ISO
   • Workpieces are measured according to job requirements

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : MAINTAIN TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
UNIT CODE : CON311204

This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes on checking condition, performing preventive maintenance and storing of construction painting tools and equipment.

1. Check condition of tools and equipment
   • Materials, tools and equipment are identified according to classification and job requirements
   • Non-functional tools and equipment are segregated and labeled according to classification
   • Safety of tools and equipment are observed in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions
   • Condition of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are checked in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions
2. Perform basic preventive maintenance
   • Appropriate lubricants are identified according to types of equipment
   • Tools and equipment are lubricated according to preventive maintenance schedule or manufacturer’s specifications
   • Measuring instruments are checked and calibrated in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions
   • Tools are cleaned and lubricated according to standard procedures
   • Defective instruments, equipment and accessories are inspected and replaced according to manufacturer’s specifications
   • Tools are inspected, repaired and replaced after use
   • Work place is cleaned and kept in safe state in line with Occupational Safety and Health (OSHS)
3. Store tools and equipment
   • Inventory of tools, instruments and equipment are conducted and recorded as per company practices
   • Tools and equipment are stored safely in appropriate locations in accordance with manufacturer’s specifications or company procedures

BASIC COMPETENCIES

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : PARTICIPATE IN WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION
UNIT CODE : 400311210

This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to gather, interpret and convey information in response to workplace requirements.

1. Obtain and convey workplace information
   • Specific and relevant information is accessed from appropriate sources
   • Effective questioning , active listening and speaking skills are used to gather and convey information
   • Appropriate medium is used to transfer information and ideas
   • Appropriate non- verbal communication is used
   • Appropriate lines of communication with supervisors and colleagues are identified and followed
   • Defined workplace procedures for the location and storage of information are used
   • Personal interaction is carried out clearly and concisely
2. Perform duties following workplace instructions
   • Written notices and instructions are read and interpreted in accordance with organizational guidelines
   • Routine written instruction are followed based on established procedures
   • Feedback is given to workplace supervisor based instructions/ information received
   • Workplace interactions are conducted in a courteous manner
   • Where necessary, clarifications about routine workplace procedures and matters concerning conditions of employment are sought and asked from appropriate sources
   • Meetings outcomes are interpreted and implemented
3. Complete relevant work related documents
   • Range of forms relating to conditions of employment are completed accurately and legibly
   • Workplace data is recorded on standard workplace forms and documents
   • Basic mathematical processes are used for routine calculations
   • Errors in recording information on forms/ documents are identified and properly acted upon
   • Reporting requirements to supervisor are completed according to organizational guidelines

UNIT OF COMPETENCY: WORK IN TEAM ENVIRONMENT
UNIT CODE : 400311211

This unit covers the skills, knowledge and attitudes to identify role and responsibility as a member of a team.

1. Describe team role and scope
   • The role and objective of the team is identified from available sources of information
   • Team parameters, reporting relationships and responsibilities are identified from team discussions and appropriate external sources
2. Identify own role and responsibility within team
   • Individual role and responsibilities within the team environment are identified
   • Roles and responsibility of other team members are identified and recognized
   • Reporting relationships within team and external to team are identified
3. Work as a team member
   • Effective and appropriate forms of communications used and interactions undertaken with team members who contribute to known team activities and objectives
   • Effective and appropriate contributions made to complement team activities and objectives, based on individual skills and competencies and workplace context
   • Observed protocols in reporting using standard operating procedures
   • Contribute to the development of team work plans based on an understanding of team’s role and objectives and individual competencies of the members.

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : SOLVE/ADDRESS GENERAL WORKPLACE PROBLEMS
UNIT CODE : 400311212

This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to apply problem-solving techniques to determine the origin of problems and plan for their resolution. It also includes addressing procedural problems through documentation, and referral.

1. Identify routine problems
   • Routine problems or procedural problem areas are identified
   • Problems to be investigated are defined and determined
   • Current conditions of the problem are identified and documented
2. Look for solutions to routine problems
   • Potential solutions to problem are identified
   • Recommendations about possible solutions are developed, documented, ranked and presented to appropriate person for decision
3. Recommend solutions to problems
   • Implementation of solutions are planned
   • Evaluation of implemented solutions are planned
   • Recommended solutions are documented and submit to appropriate person for confirmation

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : DEVELOP CAREER AND LIFE DECISIONS
UNIT CODE : 400311213

This unit covers the knowledge, skills, and attitudes in managing one’s emotions, developing reflective practice, and boosting self-confidence and developing self-regulation.

1. Manage one’s emotion
   • Self-management strategies are identified
   • Skills to work independently and to show initiative, to be conscientious, and persevering in the face of setbacks and frustrations are developed
   • Techniques for effectively handling negative emotions and unpleasant situation in the workplace are examined
2. Develop reflective practice
   • Personal strengths and achievements, based on self-assessment strategies and teacher feedback are contemplated
   • Progress when seeking and responding to feedback from teachers to assist them in consolidating strengths, addressing weaknesses and fulfilling their potential are monitored
   • Outcomes of personal and academic challenges by reflecting on previous problem solving and decision making strategies and feedback from peers and teachers are predicted
3. Boost self-confidence and develop self-regulation
   • Efforts for continuous self-improvement are demonstrated
   • Counter-productive tendencies at work are eliminated
   • Positive outlook in life are maintained.

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : CONTRIBUTE TO WORKPLACE INNOVATION
UNIT CODE : 400311214

This unit covers the knowledge, skills and Attitudes required to make a pro-active and positive contribution to workplace innovation.

1. Identify opportunities to do things better
   • Opportunities for improvement are identified proactively in own area of work.
   • Information are gathered and reviewed which may be relevant to ideas and which might assist in gaining support for idea.
2. Discuss and develop ideas with others
   • People who could provide input to ideas for improvements are identified.
   • Ways of approaching people to begin sharing ideas are selected.
   • Meeting is set with relevant people.
   • Ideas for follow up are review and selected based on feedback.
   • Critical inquiry method is used to discuss and develop ideas with others.
3. Integrate ideas for change in the workplace
   • Critical inquiry method is used to integrate different ideas for change of key people.
   • Summarizing, analyzing and generalizing skills are used to extract salient points in the pool of ideas.
   • Reporting skills are likewise used to communicate results.
   • Current Issues and concerns on the systems, processes and procedures, as well as the need for simple innovative practices are identified.

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : PRESENT RELEVANT INFORMATION
UNIT CODE : 400311215

This unit of covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to present data/information appropriately.

1. Gather data/ information
   • Evidence, facts and information are collected
   • Evaluation, terms of reference and conditions are reviewed to determine whether data/information falls within project scope
2. Assess gathered data/ information
   • Validity of data/ information is assessed
   • Analysis techniques are applied to assess data/ information.
   • Trends and anomalies are identified
   • Data analysis techniques and procedures are documented
   • Recommendations are made on areas of possible improvement.
3. Record and present information
   • Studied data/information are recorded.
   • Recommendations are analysed for action to ensure they are compatible with the project’s scope and terms of reference.
   • Interim and final reports are analysed and outcomes are compared to the criteria established at the outset.
   • Findings are presented to stakeholders.

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : PRACTICE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
UNIT CODE : 400311216

This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to identify OSH compliance requirements, prepare OSH requirements for compliance, perform tasks in accordance with relevant OSH policies and procedures

1. Identify OSH compliance requirements
   • Relevant OSH requirements, regulations, policies and procedures are identified in accordance with workplace policies and procedures
   • OSH activity non-conformities are conveyed to appropriate personnel
   • OSH preventive and control requirements are identified in accordance with OSH work policies and procedures
2. Prepare OSH requirements for compliance
   • OSH work activity material, tools and equipment requirements are identified in accordance with workplace policies and procedures
   • Required OSH materials, tools and equipment are acquired in accordance with workplace policies and procedures
   • Required OSH materials, tools and equipment are arranged/ placed in accordance with OSH work standards
3. Perform tasks in accordance with relevant OSH policies and procedures
   • Relevant OSH work procedures are identified in accordance with workplace policies and procedures
   • Work Activities are executed in accordance with OSH work standards
   • Non-compliance work activities are reported to appropriate personnel

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : EXERCISE EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN THE WORKPLACE
UNIT CODE : 400311217

This unit covers knowledge, skills and attitude to identify the efficiency and effectiveness of resource utilization, determine causes of inefficiency and/or ineffectiveness of resource utilization and Convey inefficient and ineffective environmental practices

1. Identify the efficiency and effectiveness of resource utilization
   • Required resource utilization in the workplace is measured using appropriate techniques
   • Data are recorded in accordance with workplace protocol
   • Recorded data are compared to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of resource utilization according to established environmental work procedures
2. Determine causes of inefficiency and/or ineffectiveness of resource utilization
   • Potential causes of inefficiency and/or ineffectiveness are listed
   • Causes of inefficiency and/or ineffectiveness are identified through deductive reasoning
   • Identified causes of inefficiency and/or ineffectiveness are validated thru established environmental procedures
3. Convey inefficient and ineffective environmental practices
   • Efficiency and effectiveness of resource utilization are reported to appropriate personnel
   • Concerns related resource utilization are discussed with appropriate personnel
   • Feedback on information/ concerns raised are clarified with appropriate personnel

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : PRACTICE ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS IN THE WORKPLACE
UNIT CODE : 400311218

This unit covers the outcomes required to apply entrepreneurial workplace best practices and implement cost-effective operations

1. Apply entrepreneurial workplace best practices
   • Good practices relating to workplace operations are observed and selected following workplace policy.
   • Quality procedures and practices are complied with according to workplace requirements.
   • Cost-conscious habits in resource utilization are applied based on industry standards.
2. Communicate entrepreneurial workplace best practices
   • Observed Good practices relating to workplace operations are communicated to appropriate person.
   • Observed quality procedures and practices are communicated to appropriate person
   • Cost-conscious habits in resource utilization are communicated based on industry standards.
3. Implement cost-effective operations
   • Preservation and optimization of workplace resources is implemented in accordance with enterprise policy
   • Judicious use of workplace tools, equipment and materials are observed according to manual and work requirements.
   • Constructive contributions to office operations are made according to enterprise requirements.
   • Ability to work within one’s allotted time and finances is sustained.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

• PORTLAND CEMENT – is a bonding agent that reacts with water to form a hard stone like substance that is resistant to disintegrate in water.
• TILE – It is a piece of fired clay, stone, concrete or other material used ornamentally to cover roofs, floor and wall.
• CERAMIC TILE – A tile made from clay that has been permanently hardened by heat, are made for covering and as finishing of interior and exterior floor and wall.
• PORCELAIN TILE – Are ceramic tile commonly use to cover floor and wall with a water with absorption rate of less than 0.5 percent. They can be either glazed or unglazed.
• MOSAIC TILE – A picture or design made from small pieces of colored tile, glass or other material set in mortar. Mosaic have been widely use in Christian churches to decorate walls and ceilings.
• VITRIFIED TILE – Is a ceramic tile with very low porosity. It is an alternative to marble and granite flooring. Vitrified tiles are oftenly use in outdoors due to their water frost resistance.
• MARBLE – Like many other stone tile, has very high maintenance requirements. Marble is also porous, which means it can be stained, scratched and worn easily.
• GRANITE – Is a granular type of stone which by definition is an igneous rock (formed by heat) with at least 20% quartz by volume.
• TILE GROUT – A powder in texture made up of different colors when mixed with water become putty. it is used as filler or gap between tiles.
• TILE TRIM – Made up of plastic use for covering the edges of tile for protection and to attain acceptable finish.
• TILE SPACER – A “cross” like material with a minimum thickness of 3mm made up of plastic. It is being placed at the intersection of titles to maintain uniform spacing.
• NOSING – A protecting edge, as the part of the tread of a step extending beyond the riser of a stair.
• PLANE SURFACE – Refers to even or flat surface of roof, floor and wall.
• CURVED SURFACE – Refers to round, conical, spherical and oval surface commonly occur in corinthian motif, round columns, walkways and large entrance of buildings.
• PRODUCTIVITY – The quality state on facts of being able to generate, create, enhance or bring forth goods and services.
• 5S – The five in a 5S workplace organizational and housekeeping methodology refers to five steps – sort, set in order, shine, standardize and sustain.
• 3R – The principle of reducing waste, reusing and recycling resources and products
  • Reduce – The waste management concept of reducing what is produced and what is consumed
  • Reuse – The waste management concept of reusing items, or re-purposing them for a use different than what they are intended for
  • Recycling – The waste management concept of transforming again into a raw material that can be shaped into a new item